Terms to Study for Test #2

Television 1 - Instructor J.Varner

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You will need to bring a Scantron (#882) Form to class (buy in the LACC bookstore) and a #2 pencil. This is NOT an open book test but you can use an English/Foreign Language Dictionary. There will be a total of fifty questions in the format of multiple choice & True/False will include lectures & videotapes.

Test #1 Terms Test #2 Terms Test #3 Terms

Chapter 6: Commercial Operations

Definition of a commercial station: Has Federal license transmits over the air, carries commercial messages
Broadcast stations organized to 4+ areas:
- 1) Administrative (General Manager, Personnel, Etc.)
- 2) Technical (Engineering, Maintenance, Etc.)
- 3) Programming (Program Buying, Production, Promotion, Art, Creative Services, News, Etc.)
- 4) Sales (Managers, AE's, Traffic, Research, Etc.)
- 5) External Contacts (Consultants, Ad. Agencies, etc.)
Most Broadcast Stations are group owned
FCC limits TV station ownership to 35% of households
No national limits on radio ownership only same mkt.
"Owned & Operated" stations (by networks)(pp. 169-171)
CBS, NBC, ABC, FOX 200+ affiliates each (contract)
Affiliates "clear" 65% of Air-time" for network programs
Over 100 smaller networks like Univision & Telemundo
400 TV stations are not affiliated with four big networks
Mostly UHF & smaller networks like WB & UPN
FCC (PTAR) Prime Time Access Rule (1971-1996) helped independents & local programming
(MSOs) Multiple System Operators (cable TV)
Telephone companies can own cable since 1990s
Vertical Integration of Companies (p. 176)
Cable Television Organization:
- 1) Administrative
- 2) Technical (Inside & OutsidePlant)
- 3) Programming
- 4) Sales & Marketing (Customer Service Reps)
Cable TV Networks are these categories:
- Basic Service Tier (PEG) (p. 177)
- Expanded Basic Tier Networks (monthly fee for all)
- Superstations (local broadcast stations on satellite)
- Pay-Cable or Premium Networks (extra monthly fee)
Advertising = three broad categories:
- 1) Local , 2) National Spot (Regional), 3) Network
CO-OP (Cooperative Advertising) shares costs between local merchant & national manufacturer
Cable TV (95% of Revenue from subscription fees)
Radio revenue mostly local & Broadcast TV revenue = significantly national
Advantages to Broadcast Advertising:
- All homes have radio & TV receivers
- Audiences can be targeted by the time of day
- TV demonstrates how the product looks & works
- One station can carry local or national ads
- Network ads have prestige and nation-wide appeal
Disadvantages to broadcast advertising:
- Large geographical coverage = lots of money
- Limited inventory (only 24 hrs/day)
- Flipping, Zipping, Zapping = 20% less audience ads
- Limited amount of ad length - radio=:60, TV=:30
- No cigarette ads limited for hard liquor
Advantages & Disadvantages Cable TV Ads:
- Geographical flexibility/ Lower cost
- Specific Audience/Channel Targeting
- Poorly produced & inserted commercials
- Inadequate audience measurement
Traffic schedules Non-Competing Ads (pp. 183-184)
Station Identification (IDs) required by law
Promotional Announcements (Promos) station itself
Public Service Announcement (PSA) non-profit orgs.
Ad Rates Determined by: market size, show popularity, time of day, position in break, pre-emptibility, etc.
(CPM) Cost Per Thousand - compares media costs
(ROS) "Run of the Schedule" ad aired any time of day
Rate Grids or Rate Cards list prices in DAYPARTS
Trade-Outs or Deal = pay for airtime with goods not $
Time Brokerage-buys ad time in blocks then resells
(PI) or Per-Inquiry ads - pay only for responses (p. 187)
AD Costs (per airplay) (p. 185):
- TV network prime time: 30 = $125,000
- Radio network: 60 = $1,000
- Local cable = $400; National cable = $7,000
Web Ads (Browser or Search Engine) $2 billion 1998
Local Sales (AE=Account Executives), cold calls
National Sales Representative Firms or "Reps" sell national advertising for local stations (p. 180)
Ad Agencies: purchase, media mix, creates ads
Communications Act /1934: Sponsor Identification Rule
FCC has a "hands-off" policy for regulating advertising
(FTC) Federal Trade Commission investigates ads
NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) suggested time standards for number of commercials dropped
Action for Children's TV/law limits ads kids shows
FCC banned infomercials until (1981 Radio) (1984 TV)
Tobacco ads eliminated by a 1971 act of congress
Highest Paying Jobs (Sales, Managers, Studio Talent)
Unions: (p. 199)
- (AFTRA) American Federation of Television & Radio Artists
- (AGVA) American Guild of Variety Artists
- (SAG) Screen Actors Guild
- (WGA) Writers Guild of America
- (NABET) Nat. Assoc. of Broadcast Employees Technicians
- (IATSE) International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees & Moving Picture Machine Operators

Chapter 7: Noncommercial Services

1920s - first educational broadcasting stations
1945 - FCC allocates 20 FM channels for educational
1952 - FCC "6th Report & Order" TV channels allocated for educational use
1967 Report by Carnegie Commission "Public TV"
1992 - DBS provides 5%+ of channels for non-coml.
1967 - Public Broadcasting Act - creates: CPB (Corporation for Public Broadcasting) (p. 210)
1970 - Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) satellite links
1970 - NPR (National Public Radio) links & programs
1983 - PRI (Public Radio International) (formerly APR)
CPB provides funding from tax dollars $1.00 per capita - gets monies from Foundations, Corporate Program Underwriting, Public Contributions, Merchandise, etc.

Chapter 8: Programs & Programming Basics

Parsimony Principle: (sparingly, repeated, shared)
Big 4 networks-7 billion on programs - 200 million/pilots
PrimeTime (8-11PM EST/PST) (7-10 CST/MST) 22 hrs.
License fees for 1hr shows =1 million+ per episode
Largest single group of viewers: Women age 18 34
Demographics (Age & Gender)
Psychographics (Lifestyle & Interests of the Viewer)
The FCC defines a syndicated TV program: (p. 231)
- "Any program sold, licensed, distributed, or offered to television stations in more than one market within the United States for non-interconnected (that is, non-network,) television broadcast exhibition, but not including live presentations."
Types Of Syndication (p. 231):
- Off-Network
- First Run or Made-For-Syndication
- Package Syndication: sold by genre
Barter Syndication: some cash-some presold time
SYNDEX (Syndication Exclusivity) - exclusive rights
FIN/SYN RULES (Financial Interest Syndication): Before 1993 nets couldn't own/produce their shows
Programming: Entertainment or Information
Genres (content), Formats (organization), Scheduling (time)
Local TV Programs (> 10%) mostly local news ($)
DAYPARTS - segments of the broadcast day used for pricing and programming
Radio Dayparts:
- Morning Drive: 6am 10am
- Midday: 10am 3pm
- Afternoon Drive: 3pm 7pm
- Night: 7pm midnight
- Overnight: midnight 6am
Television Dayparts:
- Early Morning: 6am 9am
- Morning: 9am noon
- Afternoon: noon 4pm
- Early Fringe: 4pm 6pm
- News Block: 6pm 7pm
- Access: 7pm 8pm
- Prime Time: 8pm 11pm
- Late Fringe: 11pm midnight
- Overnight: midnight 6am
Audience Flow / Flow Through - movement of viewers between programs (p. 241)
Counter programming: opposite of competition
Block programming: similar types of programs
Stripping: same programs at the same time everyday
Hammock: a new show between two stronger ones
Bridging: overlapping start of a competing program
Repetition: same program in different time slots
Stunting: short term program changes - during ratings
Strong lead-ins & outs: begin daypart strong show
Hot switching: ad - free transitions between shows
Promotion is important to viewership

Chapter 9: Programs: Network, Syndicated, Local

Types of Prime Time Programs Include:
- Sit-coms, dramas, movies, mini series, music & variety
- Spin-offs and Clones (from successful shows)
Types of Non Prime Time Programs Include:
- Soap operas, game, magazine, talk (network), home shopping, network & cable sports, children's shows, news & public affairs, documentaries
Radio Programming (p. 274-276):
- News, Talk, Music, Sports Networks
- Automation, feature & format syndication
Local Radio Formats (p. 281)
Internet Programming:
- Audio & Video Streaming (Real time)
- Radio: "over-the-air" broadcast & webcast only,
- Material supplements to regular TV & cable programs
1961 (NAB) FCC Chairman Newton Minow = vast wasteland
1980s-FCC Chairman Mark Fowler = toaster with pictures

Test #1 Terms Test #2 Terms Test #3 Terms

There will be a total of 50 questions in the format of Multiple Choice and True/False.

There will also be extra credit questions on the video tapes that have been shown in class.

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